不同水平南极磷虾粉等量替代鱼粉对大口黑鲈生长性能及部分生理生化指标的影响

为研究不同水平南极磷虾粉等量替代饲料中进口鱼粉对大口黑鲈幼鱼生长性能、全鱼营养成分组成、血液部分生理生化指标的影响,本试验共设4组利用不同水平南极磷虾粉等量替代饲料中鱼粉的试验饲料(分别记为:0%(D1组)、3%(D2组)、6%(D3组)、9%(D4组),每组饲料设3个重复组,每个重复放养初始体重约为(12.43±0.16)g/尾的大口黑鲈(LargemouthBass)30尾,在室内循环水养殖系统中饲养8周。结果表明:(1)与对照组相比,试验组大口黑鲈的增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)和蛋白质效率(PER)均显著提高,SGR分别提高14.0%、15.8%、20.5%,PER分别提高9.1%、16.8%、27.3%,饲料系数(FCR)显著降低(P<0.05),其中以9%南极磷虾粉替代组效果最佳;(2)各试验组全鱼的水分、粗蛋白质和粗灰分含量没有显著差异(P>0.05),南极磷虾粉替代组的粗脂肪含量均高于对照组,其中6%南极磷虾粉替代组较对照组提高13.8%(P<0.05);(3)南极磷虾粉等量替代组试验鱼血液中的白细胞数目(WBC)较对照组分别提高66.1%、61.1%、56.5%(P<0.05),而红细胞数目(PBC)较对照组分别提高25.2%、25.2%、20.7%(P<0.05),而红血蛋白(HGB)、白蛋白(ALB)各组间差异不显著(P>0.05);(4)各替代组试验鱼血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性随着南极磷虾粉替代鱼粉含量的上升而上升,其中9%替代组分别较对照组提高45.0%、36.4%(P<0.05),各替代组试验鱼血清中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05),各试验组血清中丙二醛含量与对照组没有显著差异(P>0.05);(5)各替代组血清中甘油三酯(TG)的含量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),总胆固醇(TC)的含量随着南极磷虾粉替代鱼粉含量的上升而上升,其中9%替代组较对照组提高21.5%(P<0.05),各组血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)和碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性差异均不显著(P>0.05)。综上,南极磷虾粉是大口黑鲈配合饲料中的优质蛋白源,适当替代鱼粉可以提高大口黑鲈幼鱼的生长性能,抗氧化功能以及免疫功能,本试验中以6%、9%南极磷虾粉等量替代饲料中鱼粉的效果最佳。     

Development of First-Feeding Protocols for Indoor Larviculture of Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides)

Largemouth bass (LMB) Micropterus salmoides fry do not accept prepared diets at first feeding. Fry are initially reared in fertilized ponds on natural live foods until large enough to be feed trained. Unpredictable weather patterns and depletion of natural forages can affect nursery pond survival. A series of experiments was conducted to investigate the use of Artemia nauplii prepared diets and optimal feeding schedules to raise LMB fry from first feeding through habituation to a commercial dry diet. In Studies 1, 2, and 3, swim-up fry were transferred to a recirculating system and stocked into either 3-L (Studies 1 and 2) or 10-L (Study 3) acrylic aquaria. Study 1 screened candidate diets to evaluate whether LMB fry could be transitioned directly to prepared diets or if they required live foods. In Study 2 the optimum duration for feeding live Artemia (1, 2, or 3 weeks) and the appropriate size of commercial diets (<200 or 200–360 μm) were evaluated. Study 3 was designed to identify the best transitional feed. Results from Study 1 indicate that fry fed Otohime-A (<200 μm) and decapsulated Artemia cysts performed better than those fed other diets tested. However, survivals were low (6%–8%) indicating a need for live feed initially. In Trial 2, fry fed live Artemia nauplii for two weeks and then transitioned to a 200–360 μm diet (Otohime-B) performed better than other diet combinations tested. In Study 3, survival was significantly higher in treatments using decapsulated Artemia cysts or Otohime-B as transitional diets between initial live Artemia feeding and trout starter. These data indicate that LMB fry can be successfully raised from first feeding to fully habituated to a commercial trout starter by feeding live Artemia nauplii for two weeks, followed by a gradual transition to either decapsulated Artemia cysts or Otohime-B for one week, then gradually transitioning to trout starter. Surviving fish were easily transitioned to commercial floating feed (Study 4). This protocol yielded survival rates of approximately 70% and may improve the reliability of LMB fingerling production by eliminating the outdoor nursery pond phase.     

Trophic plasticity of invasive juvenile largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides in Iberian streams

Biological invasions are a major factor for biodiversity loss, particularly in freshwater environments. Largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides is native to North America and is invasive on the Iberian Peninsula, primarily to provide angling opportunities in reservoirs. However, this species is a threat to the endemic Iberian fauna via predation and competition. Currently, there is little information on largemouth bass in European streams. Thus, we assessed the trophic plasticity and body condition of young largemouth bass in both invasive (the regulated Bullaque River) and native (Murray Creek) streams. Abundance of juvenile largemouth bass, percentage of full stomachs and body condition were higher in Bullaque River. Largemouth bass preyed on benthic invertebrates much more heavily in the Bullaque River, whereas fishes were the most important prey in Murray Creek. Prey richness, diet diversity and trophic niche breadth were higher in the Bullaque River population. Largemouth bass preferred water-column fishes as prey and avoided consuming benthic fishes in Murray Creek, whereas water-column fishes were avoided in Bullaque River. These results demonstrate that largemouth bass display substantial trophic plasticity which possibly facilitates its success as invasive species. Regulated Iberian streams may provide both suitable food and habitat resources with minimal predation pressure, and hence may serve as recruitment sources for this invasive fish.     

低鱼粉饲料中添加外源酶制剂对大口黑鲈生长性能、体组成以及饲料利用率的影响

本实验旨在探究低鱼粉饲料中添加外源酶制剂对大口黑鲈（Micropterus salmoides）生长性能、体组成以及饲料利用率的影响。以25%鱼粉组为对照组，在此基础上分别添加中性蛋白酶、角蛋白酶、纤维素酶、植酸酶以及复合酶（中性蛋白酶、角蛋白酶、纤维素酶和植酸酶）配置6组等氮等脂的实验饲料。以初始体重为（39.65±0.15）g的大口黑鲈为实验对象，进行了57d的养殖实验，每天饱食投喂2次。结果显示，角蛋白酶、纤维素酶和复合酶的添加显著提高了大口黑鲈的末体重、增重率以及特定生长率（P < 0.05）；中性蛋白酶、角蛋白酶和植酸酶的添加显著提高了大口黑鲈的蛋白沉积率（P < 0.05）；而植酸酶和复合酶的添加对脂肪沉积率的提升明显（P < 0.05）；不同酶制剂的添加均对饲料中蛋白质和脂肪表观消化率有改善作用：复合酶组的蛋白质表观消化率最高，且显著高于其他处理组（P < 0.05）；角蛋白、纤维素酶和复合酶组的脂肪表观消化率显著高于中性蛋白酶和对照组组（P < 0.05）。综上，在高植物蛋白饲料中添加一定比例的酶制剂，特别是角蛋白酶、纤维素酶或复合酶，可以有效地促进其对营养物质的消化和吸收，进而改善饲料利用率，提高大口黑鲈的生长性能。     

芽孢杆菌有氧发酵豆粕替代鱼粉对大口黑鲈幼鱼生长性能、血清生化指标及肠组织结构的影响

芽孢杆菌(Bacillus)有氧发酵豆粕的肽类和活菌等含量丰富，为研究其替代鱼粉对大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)幼鱼的养殖效果，配制鱼粉含量为50%的大口黑鲈基础饲料，在基础饲料中用芽孢杆菌有氧发酵豆粕分别替代0、10%、20%、30%和40%的鱼粉，配制成5种等氮、等能实验饲料进饲养实验。实验共分5个组，每组3个重复，每个重复30尾鱼[初始体重为(19.83±0.33) g]。采用表观饱食投喂饲养75 d。结果显示，20%和30%实验组增重率显著高于对照组(P<0.05)，但饲料效率、存活率与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05)，20%的替代组增重率及饲料效率皆出现最大值；各实验组之间肥满度和肝体比均无显著差异(P>0.05)，但替代组脏体比出现下降的趋势，且当替代量超过30%时，显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。血清白蛋白含量各组间无显著性差异(P>0.05)，替代组总蛋白和球蛋白的含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶活力随鱼粉替代量的增加而显著升高，10%组与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05)，其他各替代组显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。对肠道组织结构的研究结果显示，40%组前肠肠绒毛密度和肠壁厚度均显著低于对照组；30%前肠绒毛高度和宽度显著高于其他各组(P<0.05)。10%组中肠肠壁厚度显著高于对照组(P<0.05)，但与其他各实验组与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05)；20%和40%组中肠绒毛密度和高度显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。各实验组的后肠肠壁厚度显著低于对照组(P<0.05)，但30%组绒毛高度和宽度均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。综上所述，在本实验条件下，芽孢杆菌有氧发酵豆粕替代20%的鱼粉不会影响大口黑鲈的生长性能和体质，对其肠道健康有一定的促进作用。